RMAN Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery

RMAN Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery (TSPITR) 11gR2 Enhancements

One of the good new features in 11g Release 2 is that it enables us to recover from a dropped tablespace. TSPITR has been around in earlier releases, but we could not recover a dropped tablespace.

It will first perform a recovery of the tablespace on the auxiliary instance and then use Data Pump and Transportable Tablespace technology to extract and import the tablespace meta data into the original source database.

login as: oracle

oracle@192.168.204.129's password:

Last login: Tue Jul 22 20:20:10 2014 from 192.168.204.1

[oracle@localhost ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=tspr

[oracle@localhost ~]$

[oracle@localhost ~]$

[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Wed Aug 6 12:19:26 2014

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Enter user-name: sys as sysdba

Enter password:

Connected to:

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> select file_name from dba_data_Files;

FILE_NAME

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/users01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/undotbs01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/sysaux01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/system01.dbf

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/example01.dbf

SQL> create tablespace tbs datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/tbs.dbf' size 10m;

Tablespace created.

SQL> create user rudra identified by rudra default tablespace tbs quota unlimited on tbs;

User created.

SQL> grant create session,resource to rudra;

Grant succeeded.

SQL> conn

Enter user-name: rudra

Enter password:

Connected.

SQL> create table emp (id number primary key,name char(20));

Table created.

SQL> insert into emp values(1,'ram');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp values(2,'manoj');

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> create table dept (id number references emp(id),deptid number);

Table created.

SQL> insert into dept values(1,10);

1 row created.

SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values(2,20);

1 row created.

SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL>  commit;

Commit complete.

SQL> select  * from tab;

TNAME                          TABTYPE  CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------

DEPT                           TABLE

EMP                            TABLE

SQL> conn

Enter user-name: sys as sysdba

Enter password:

Connected.

SQL> alter system switch logfile ;

System altered.

SQL> /

System altered.

SQL> select current_Scn from v$database;

CURRENT_SCN

-----------

     803699

[oracle@localhost ~]$ rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Aug 6 12:36:11 2014

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

connected to target database: TSPR (DBID=820201958)

RMAN> show all ;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name TSPR are:

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default

CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default

CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/u01/backup/%F';

CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default

CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default

CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT   '/u01/backup/%U';

CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default

CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default

CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_tspr.f'; # default

RMAN> backup database plus archivelog;

Starting backup at 06-AUG-14

current log archived

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=54 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set

input archived log thread=1 sequence=3 RECID=1 STAMP=854886854

input archived log thread=1 sequence=4 RECID=2 STAMP=854886856

input archived log thread=1 sequence=5 RECID=3 STAMP=854887294

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 06-AUG-14

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 06-AUG-14

piece handle=/u01/backup/01pf92rv_1_1 tag=TAG20140806T124135 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:08

Finished backup at 06-AUG-14

Starting backup at 06-AUG-14

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/system01.dbf

input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/sysaux01.dbf

input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/example01.dbf

input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/undotbs01.dbf

input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/tbs.dbf

input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/users01.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 06-AUG-14

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 06-AUG-14

piece handle=/u01/backup/02pf92s7_1_1 tag=TAG20140806T124143 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:15

Finished backup at 06-AUG-14

Starting backup at 06-AUG-14

current log archived

using channel ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set

input archived log thread=1 sequence=6 RECID=4 STAMP=854887379

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 06-AUG-14

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 06-AUG-14

piece handle=/u01/backup/03pf92uj_1_1 tag=TAG20140806T124259 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished backup at 06-AUG-14

Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 06-AUG-14

piece handle=/u01/backup/c-820201958-20140806-00 comment=NONE

Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 06-AUG-14

RMAN> exit

Recovery Manager complete.

[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Wed Aug 6 12:47:15 2014

 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

 Enter user-name: rudra

Enter password:

 Connected to:

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> create table loc (id number ,city char(20));

 Table created.

 SQL> insert into loc values(1,'delhi');

 1 row created.

 SQL> insert into loc values(2,'hr');

 1 row created.

 SQL> commit;

 Commit complete.

 SQL> select * From tab;

 TNAME                          TABTYPE  CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------

DEPT                           TABLE

EMP                            TABLE

LOC                            TABLE

SQL> select count(*) from emp;

  COUNT(*)

----------

         2

SQL> select count(*) from dept;

  COUNT(*)

----------

         4

SQL> select count(*) from loc;

  COUNT(*)

----------

         2

SQL>

SQL> conn sys as sysdba

Enter password:

Connected.

SQL>

SQL> alter system switch logfile;

System altered.

SQL> select current_scn from v$database;

CURRENT_SCN

-----------

     805181

SQL> drop tablespace tbs including contents and datafiles;

Tablespace dropped.

SQL>

[oracle@localhost ~]$ rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Aug 6 12:55:02 2014

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

connected to target database: TSPR (DBID=820201958)

RMAN> recover tablespace tbs until scn 805181 auxiliary destination '/u01/tspr';

Starting recover at 06-AUG-14

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=47 device type=DISK

RMAN-05026: WARNING: presuming following set of tablespaces applies to specified point-in-time

List of tablespaces expected to have UNDO segments

Tablespace SYSTEM

Tablespace UNDOTBS1

Creating automatic instance, with SID='laEp'

initialization parameters used for automatic instance:

db_name=TSPR

db_unique_name=laEp_tspitr_TSPR

compatible=11.2.0.0.0

db_block_size=8192

db_files=200

sga_target=280M

processes=50

db_create_file_dest=/u01/tspr

log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/tspr'

#No auxiliary parameter file used

starting up automatic instance TSPR

Oracle instance started

Total System Global Area     292933632 bytes

Fixed Size                     1336092 bytes

Variable Size                100666596 bytes

Database Buffers             184549376 bytes

Redo Buffers                   6381568 bytes

Automatic instance created

List of tablespaces that have been dropped from the target database:

Tablespace tbs

contents of Memory Script:

{

# set requested point in time

set until  scn 805181;

# restore the controlfile

restore clone controlfile;

# mount the controlfile

sql clone 'alter database mount clone database';

# archive current online log

sql 'alter system archive log current';

# avoid unnecessary autobackups for structural changes during TSPITR

sql 'begin dbms_backup_restore.AutoBackupFlag(FALSE); end;';

}

executing Memory Script

executing command: SET until clause

Starting restore at 06-AUG-14

allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring control file

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/backup/c-820201958-20140806-00

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/backup/c-820201958-20140806-00 tag=TAG20140806T124300

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04

output file name=/u01/tspr/TSPR/controlfile/o1_mf_9y3p6bs6_.ctl

Finished restore at 06-AUG-14

sql statement: alter database mount clone database

sql statement: alter system archive log current

sql statement: begin dbms_backup_restore.AutoBackupFlag(FALSE); end;

contents of Memory Script:

{

# set requested point in time

set until  scn 805181;

# set destinations for recovery set and auxiliary set datafiles

set newname for clone datafile  1 to new;

set newname for clone datafile  3 to new;

set newname for clone datafile  2 to new;

set newname for clone tempfile  1 to new;

set newname for datafile  6 to

 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/tbs.dbf";

# switch all tempfiles

switch clone tempfile all;

# restore the tablespaces in the recovery set and the auxiliary set

restore clone datafile  1, 3, 2, 6;

switch clone datafile all;

}

executing Memory Script

executing command: SET until clause

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_temp_%u_.tmp in control file

Starting restore at 06-AUG-14

using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to /u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_system_%u_.dbf

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to /u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_%u_.dbf

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to /u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_%u_.dbf

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/tbs.dbf

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/backup/02pf92s7_1_1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/backup/02pf92s7_1_1 tag=TAG20140806T124143

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:59

Finished restore at 06-AUG-14

datafile 1 switched to datafile copy

input datafile copy RECID=5 STAMP=854888296 file name=/u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_system_9y3p6nfh_.dbf

datafile 3 switched to datafile copy

input datafile copy RECID=6 STAMP=854888296 file name=/u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_9y3p6ngo_.dbf

datafile 2 switched to datafile copy

input datafile copy RECID=7 STAMP=854888296 file name=/u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_9y3p6ng4_.dbf

contents of Memory Script:

{

# set requested point in time

set until  scn 805181;

# online the datafiles restored or switched

sql clone "alter database datafile  1 online";

sql clone "alter database datafile  3 online";

sql clone "alter database datafile  2 online";

sql clone "alter database datafile  6 online";

# recover and open resetlogs

recover clone database tablespace  "TBS", "SYSTEM", "UNDOTBS1", "SYSAUX" delete archivelog;

alter clone database open resetlogs;

}

executing Memory Script

executing command: SET until clause

sql statement: alter database datafile  1 online

sql statement: alter database datafile  3 online

sql statement: alter database datafile  2 online

sql statement: alter database datafile  6 online

Starting recover at 06-AUG-14

using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1

starting media recovery

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 6 is already on disk as file /u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/TSPR/archivelog/2014_08_06/o1_mf_1_6_9y3ocv5q_.arc

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 7 is already on disk as file /u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/TSPR/archivelog/2014_08_06/o1_mf_1_7_9y3owh0p_.arc

archived log for thread 1 with sequence 8 is already on disk as file /u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/TSPR/archivelog/2014_08_06/o1_mf_1_8_9y3p6m2f_.arc

archived log file name=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/TSPR/archivelog/2014_08_06/o1_mf_1_6_9y3ocv5q_.arc thread=1 sequence=6

archived log file name=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/TSPR/archivelog/2014_08_06/o1_mf_1_7_9y3owh0p_.arc thread=1 sequence=7

archived log file name=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/TSPR/archivelog/2014_08_06/o1_mf_1_8_9y3p6m2f_.arc thread=1 sequence=8

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04

Finished recover at 06-AUG-14

database opened

contents of Memory Script:

{

# make read only the tablespace that will be exported

sql clone 'alter tablespace  TBS read only';

# create directory for datapump import

sql "create or replace directory TSPITR_DIROBJ_DPDIR as ''

/u01/tspr''";

# create directory for datapump export

sql clone "create or replace directory TSPITR_DIROBJ_DPDIR as ''

/u01/tspr''";

}

executing Memory Script

sql statement: alter tablespace  TBS read only

sql statement: create or replace directory TSPITR_DIROBJ_DPDIR as ''/u01/tspr''

sql statement: create or replace directory TSPITR_DIROBJ_DPDIR as ''/u01/tspr''

Performing export of metadata...

   EXPDP> Starting "SYS"."TSPITR_EXP_laEp":

   EXPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/PLUGTS_BLK

   EXPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/TABLE

   EXPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/CONSTRAINT/CONSTRAINT

   EXPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/CONSTRAINT/REF_CONSTRAINT

   EXPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/POST_INSTANCE/PLUGTS_BLK

   EXPDP> Master table "SYS"."TSPITR_EXP_laEp" successfully loaded/unloaded

   EXPDP> ******************************************************************************

   EXPDP> Dump file set for SYS.TSPITR_EXP_laEp is:

   EXPDP>   /u01/tspr/tspitr_laEp_24845.dmp

   EXPDP> ******************************************************************************

   EXPDP> Datafiles required for transportable tablespace TBS:

   EXPDP>   /u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/tbs.dbf

   EXPDP> Job "SYS"."TSPITR_EXP_laEp" successfully completed at 13:00:26

Export completed

contents of Memory Script:

{

# shutdown clone before import

shutdown clone immediate

}

executing Memory Script

database closed

database dismounted

Oracle instance shut down

Performing import of metadata...

   IMPDP> Master table "SYS"."TSPITR_IMP_laEp" successfully loaded/unloaded

   IMPDP> Starting "SYS"."TSPITR_IMP_laEp":

   IMPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/PLUGTS_BLK

   IMPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/TABLE

   IMPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/CONSTRAINT/CONSTRAINT

   IMPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/CONSTRAINT/REF_CONSTRAINT

   IMPDP> Processing object type TRANSPORTABLE_EXPORT/POST_INSTANCE/PLUGTS_BLK

   IMPDP> Job "SYS"."TSPITR_IMP_laEp" successfully completed at 13:01:00

Import completed

contents of Memory Script:

{

# make read write and offline the imported tablespaces

sql 'alter tablespace  TBS read write';

sql 'alter tablespace  TBS offline';

# enable autobackups after TSPITR is finished

sql 'begin dbms_backup_restore.AutoBackupFlag(TRUE); end;';

}

executing Memory Script

sql statement: alter tablespace  TBS read write

sql statement: alter tablespace  TBS offline

sql statement: begin dbms_backup_restore.AutoBackupFlag(TRUE); end;

Removing automatic instance

Automatic instance removed

auxiliary instance file /u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_temp_9y3p8zpb_.tmp deleted

auxiliary instance file /u01/tspr/TSPR/onlinelog/o1_mf_3_9y3p8vdj_.log deleted

auxiliary instance file /u01/tspr/TSPR/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_9y3p8rhn_.log deleted

auxiliary instance file /u01/tspr/TSPR/onlinelog/o1_mf_1_9y3p8p1x_.log deleted

auxiliary instance file /u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_9y3p6ng4_.dbf deleted

auxiliary instance file /u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_9y3p6ngo_.dbf deleted

auxiliary instance file /u01/tspr/TSPR/datafile/o1_mf_system_9y3p6nfh_.dbf deleted

auxiliary instance file /u01/tspr/TSPR/controlfile/o1_mf_9y3p6bs6_.ctl deleted

Finished recover at 06-AUG-14

[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Wed Aug 6 13:02:42 2014

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Enter user-name: sys as sysdba

Enter password:

Connected to:

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL>  col file_name format a50

SQL> select file_name,tablespace_name from dba_data_files;

FILE_NAME                                          TABLESPACE_NAME

-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/users01.dbf           USERS

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/undotbs01.dbf         UNDOTBS1

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/sysaux01.dbf          SYSAUX

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/system01.dbf          SYSTEM

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/example01.dbf         EXAMPLE

/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/tbs.dbf               TBS

6 rows selected.

SQL> conn

Enter user-name: rudra

Enter password:

Connected.

SQL>

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME                          TABTYPE  CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------

DEPT                           TABLE

EMP                            TABLE

LOC                            TABLE

SQL> select * from loc;

select * from loc

 ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00376: file 6 cannot be read at this time

ORA-01110: data file 6: '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/tspr/tbs.dbf'

SQL> conn sys as sysdba

Enter password:

Connected.

SQL> select status from dba_tablespaces;

STATUS

---------

ONLINE

ONLINE

ONLINE

ONLINE

ONLINE

ONLINE

OFFLINE

7 rows selected.

SQL> alter tablespace tbs online;

Tablespace altered.

SQL> conn

Enter user-name: rudra

Enter password:

Connected.

SQL> select * from loc;

        ID CITY

---------- --------------------

         1 delhi

         2 hr

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME                          TABTYPE  CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------

DEPT                           TABLE

EMP                            TABLE

LOC                            TABLE

SQL>

How TSPITR Works With an RMAN-Managed Auxiliary Instance

To perform TSPITR of the recovery set using RMAN and an automated auxiliary instance, you carry out the preparations for TSPITR described in "Planning and Preparing for TSPITR", and then issue the RECOVER TABLESPACEcommand, specifying, at a minimum, the tablespaces of the recovery set and the target time for the point-in-time recovery, and, if desired, an auxiliary destination as well.

RMAN then carries out the following steps:

1. If there is no connection to an auxiliary instance, RMAN creates the auxiliary instance, starts it up and connects to it.
2. Takes the tablespaces to be recovered offline in the target database
3. Restores a backup control file from a point in time before the target time to the auxiliary instance
4. Restores the datafiles from the recovery set and the auxiliary set to the auxiliary instance. Files are restored either in locations you specify for each file, or the original location of the file (for recovery set files) or in the auxiliary destination (for auxiliary set files, if you used the AUXILIARY DESTINATION argument of RECOVER TABLESPACE)
5. Recovers the restored datafiles in the auxiliary instance to the specified time
6. Opens the auxiliary database with the RESETLOGS option
7. Exports the dictionary metadata about objects in the recovered tablespaces to the target database
8. Shuts down the auxiliary instance
9. Issues SWITCH commands on the target instance, so that the target database control file now points to the datafiles in the recovery set that were just recovered at the auxiliary instance.
10. Imports the dictionary metadata from the auxiliary instance to the target instance, allowing the recovered objects to be accessed.
11. Deletes all auxiliary set files.

At that point the TSPITR process is complete. The recovery set datafiles are returned to their contents at the specified point in time, and belong to the target database. 

for more details http://web.stanford.edu/dept/itss/docs/oracle/10gR2/backup.102/b14191/rcmtspit001.htm

Please share your suggestion and comment on this.

all the best....  :)